Showing 14 results for Type of Study: Review Paper
T. Mandal, D. Roy,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanomaterials (MIONs) have been extensively investigated for the various important applications. Coprecipitation, hydrothermal, high temperature decomposition of organic precursors, microemulsions, polyol methods, electrochemical methods, aerosol method, sonolysis and green synthesis processes for the fabrication of MIONs have been reviewed. Different characterization methods like XRD, SEM, EDX and TEM for the as prepared MION materials have been studied. Important applications of MIONs in the field of biomedical, nanorobotics and energy devices have also been addressed in this review. Target oriented drug delivery and hyperthermia applications of MIONs have also focused
A. Nemati,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (6-2020)
Abstract
Synthesis of materials at nano scale is one of the main challenges in nanotechnology for different applications such as semiconductor, superconductors, electro-optics devices, advanced ceramics, refractories, diagnostic imaging and drug delivery. Semiconductors nanocrystals, known as “Quantum Dots”, have emerged as new generation of nanomaterials due to their unique optical, electrical and electrochemical properties, for variety of applications such as contrasts agents, fluorescent labels, localized targeted drug delivery and new generation of biosensors. Quantum dots advantages over traditional nanomaterials are due to quantum confinement effect, which bring broad absorption spectra, superior brightness and durability for different applications. The most important factor in developing nano carriers for biological applications is the toxicity, so recent researches have been focused on heavy metal-free formulations and nontoxic ceramics and polymers. So, one of the main goals in this paper is to explicate efficiencies and deficiencies of recent advances in quantum dot based formulations with the least toxicity for bioimaging, therapeutic and drug delivery applications. Another area of quantum dot’s application is the determination of dopamine (DA). Due to basic role of DA in some diseases like Parkinson and Schizophrenia, its determination is important and thus, it is desirable to develop new, simple and rapid analytical methods for the determination of DA with high selectivity and sensitivity, especially for diagnostic applications. Recently, developments in nanotechnology and preparations of semiconductors quantum dots cause open a new field in photo-electrochemical methods based on semiconductors quantum dots for determination of DA. In this review, an attempt was made to elaborate the mentioned goals of the paper in details.
R.s Krishna, J. Mishra, A. Adeniji, Sh. Das, S. Mohammed Mustakim,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (12-2020)
Abstract
The field of nanomaterial has greatly advanced in the last decade following a wider range of applications in the fields of electronics, automobiles, construction, and healthcare due to its extraordinary and ever-evolving properties. Synthesis of the nanomaterial plays a crucial role in redefining the current engineering and science field. At the same time, procuring an environment-friendly end product through eco-friendly solutions and sustainable processes is the key to many global problems. Green synthesis of nanomaterials like graphene and its derivatives involves mild reaction conditions and nontoxic precursors because it is simple, cost-effective, relatively reproducible, and often results in more stable materials. This paper primarily focuses on the green synthesis of graphene and its derivatives (graphene oxide & reduced graphene oxide) and geopolymers; a green technology for preparing graphene reinforced geopolymer composites. Various methods used globally for green synthesis of graphene and geopolymer are briefly discussed and this paper tries to integrate these two areas for a green end product. Possible applications of these green composites are also discussed to provide insights on the current growth and developments.
Sedigeh Mohamadnejad Zanjani, Ali Basti, Reza Ansari,
Volume 18, Issue 2 (6-2021)
Abstract
Phenomenological methods are more diagnostic tools than a predictor, so multi-crystalline material approaches based on their microstructures have been proposed during the last years. The purpose of this research is to review methods taking into account the effect of microstructures and texture deformation on predicting the behavior of sheet metals. These methods can be categorized into six general groups: Taylor-type models, crystal plasticity finite element methods, strain gradient methods, methods that consider dislocations, self-consistent methods, methods based on fast Fourier transform. This paper attempts to explain and compare these methods that have been used to forecasting forming limits or stress-strain curves.
Mohammed Ruhul Amin Bhuiyan, Hayati Mamur,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (9-2021)
Abstract
Carbon-based chemical substances persistence can contribute to adverse health impacts on human lives. It is essential to overcome for treatment purposes. The semiconducting metal oxide is Zinc Oxide (ZnO), which has excellent biocompatibility, good chemical stability, selectivity, sensitivity, non-toxicity, and fast electron transfer characteristics. The ZnO nanoparticles are more efficient compared to other metal oxide materials. Thus, the nanoparticles are in the present research situation to receive increasing attention due to their potential performance of the human body to feel comfortable. The nanoparticles become more promising for biomedical applications through the development of anticancer agents to recovery different types of malignant cells in the human body. The ZnO nanoparticles can be the future potential materials for biomedical applications. The purpose of this paper is to review the cost-effective approach to synthesize the ZnO nanoparticles. Moreover, these ideas can develop for synthesized ZnO biomaterial to perform easily up-scaled in biomedical applications.
Umarfarooq Maktedar Abdulkhadar, Patil Somalinganagouda Shivakumargouda, Gonal Basavaraja Veeresh Kumar, Krishnaraja Govinda Kodancha,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (9-2021)
Abstract
Residual stress measurement is of utmost importance for the safety and reliability of engineering components and has been an active area of scientific research. Relaxation techniques such as hole drilling, slitting and ring core method are widely applied semi destructive techniques for residual stress measurements in polymer composites. This article reviews the recent literature on the measurement of residual stress in polymer composite by employing the above-mentioned relaxation techniques. This article summarizes the categories of residual stresses, causes of formation, techniques of measurements and also briefly outlines the chronological developments of the Hole drilling and slitting method. The article also provides a comparative summary of these relaxation methods.
Rabah Bobaaya, Omar Allaoui, Mokhtar Djendel, Samir Benaniba,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (9-2021)
Abstract
Coatings based on chromium borides and chromium carbides are commonly employed in applications requiring mechanical performance, such as high hardness and low friction coefficient, as well as corrosion resistance. In this work, we made layers of chromium borides and chromium carbides on the surface of low carbon steel through some specific treatments. For chromium borides, the boriding treatment in a solid medium at 900 °C for 4 hours followed by chromium electroplating on the steel surface and finally the application of annealing treatment at temperatures at 950 °C for 1 and 2 hours. For chromium carbides, the cementation in a solid medium followed by electroplating of chromium on the surface and finally the application of annealing treatment at temperatures between 500 and 1100 °C for 1 hour. The obtained results show that, in the first case, boron diffusion and chromium deposition lead to chromium borides on the treated surface. Similarly, for the second case, the cemented layer and the chromium deposited on the surface combine to form chromium carbides on the treated surface after annealing. The characteristics of the chromium borides and chromium carbides obtained are very similar to those of chromium borides and chromium carbides obtained by other processes.
Tashi Tenzin, Amrinder Kaur,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (6-2022)
Abstract
Green synthesis refers to the synthesis of nanoparticles using plants and microorganisms. It is preferred over conventional methods as its sustainable, eco-friendly, cost effective and rapid method. The phytochemicals and enzymes present in plants and microorganisms respectively acts as the reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Phytochemicals and enzymes have the ability to reduce precursor metal ions into nanoparticles. As the conventional methods involve the use of high energy and toxic chemicals which are harmful to both environment and organisms, these synthesis methods are discouraged. Of the nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained lots of attention owing to their multiple applications and less toxicity. In addition, various in-vitro studies have reported the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs and AuNPs against various microbes. This particular review portrays the methods of nanoparticles synthesis, components of green synthesis, mechanism of green synthesis, antimicrobial activity, other applications and various factors affecting the green synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs.
Seyedali Seyedmajidi, Maryam Seyedmajidi,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (6-2022)
Abstract
Recently, using calcium phosphates and at the top of them, hydroxyapatite (HA) has been considered in medical and dental applications as an artificial biomaterial due to their chemical and structural similarity to the bodychr('39')s skeletal tissues such as bone and tooth. Because of reinforcement of hydroxyapatitechr('39')s mechanical and biological properties by substitution of OH- groups by F- ions to produce fluorapaptite (FA) has been proven, in this article synthesis methods, properties and medical applications of fluorapatite and its pros and cons in comparison with hydroxyapatite have been reviewed.
Saman Sargazi, Mahtab Ghasemi Toudeshkchouei, Abbas Rahdar, Aisha Rauf, Soheil Amani, Razieh Behzadmehr, Ana M. Diez-Pascual, Francesco Baino, Muhammad Bilal,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
As a major global cause of liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive hepatocellular accumulation of lipids in the liver, elevated levels of hepatic enzymes, and fibrotic evidence. The primary therapies for NAFLD are changing lifestyle or managing comorbid-associated diseases. Lately, nanotechnology has revolutionized the art of nanostructure synthesis for disease imaging, diagnosis, and treatment. Loading drugs into nanocarriers has been established as a promising strategy to extend their circulating time, particularly in treating NAFLD. In addition, considering a master modulator of adipogenesis and lysosomal biogenesis and function, designing novel nanostructures for biomedical applications requires using biodegradable materials. Various nanostructures, including inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), organic-based NPs, metallic nanocarriers, biodegradable polymeric nanocarriers, polymer-hybrid nanocarriers, and lipid-based nanocarriers have been designed for NAFLD treatment, which significantly affected serum glucose/lipid levels and liver function indices. NPs modified with polymers, bimetallic NPs, and superparamagnetic NPs have been used to design sensitive nanosensors to measure NAFLD-related biomarkers. However, certain limitations are associated with their use as diagnostic agents. The purpose of this review article is to shed light on the recent advancements in the field of nanomedicine for the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this progressive liver disease.
Parasuraman Dhanasekaran, Ramakrishnan Marimuthu,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Fossil fuels served as the main source of energy throughout the 1800s when the industrial revolution got underway. Countries started aiming for carbon-neutral footprints and lowered emissions as environmental degradation became more apparent. Numerous research projects have been undertaken to discover a photovoltaic device that can replace conventional silicon (Si)-based solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have undergone extensive research during the past three decades. Due to their straightforward preparation process, low cost, ease of production, and low toxicity, DSSCs have seen extensive use. The reader will be able to comprehend the numerous types of TCO layers, physical methods for depositing metal oxide on TCO thin films, materials for fabricating the various DSSC layers, and the various types of dyes included in DSSC as well as their components and structures. The reader's ability to construct the DSSC, gain a general understanding of how it operates, and increase the effectiveness of these devices' potential growth and development paths are all aided by this review. For these technologies to be debated and shown to be appropriate for a breakthrough in consumer electronics on the market, manufacturing, stability, and efficiency improvements must also be addressed in the future. An overview of current DSSC prototype development and products from major firms is presented.
Mohammad Jafar Molaei,
Volume 20, Issue 2 (6-2023)
Abstract
The introduction of the 2D materials in recent years has resulted in an emerging type of the constructed structures called van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) that take advantage of the 2D materials in forming atomically thin components and devices. The vdWHs are constructed by the stacking of 2D materials by van der Waals interactions or edge covalent boning. The electron orbitals of the 2D layers in vdWHs extend to each other and influence the electronic band structures of the constituent layers. The tunable optical response over a wide range of the wavelengths (NIR to visible) can be obtained by assembling vdWHs through combining of the monolayers. By application of 2D layers in vdWHs, p-n heterojunctions without lattice mismatch can be formed. The photodiodes based on the van der Waals interactions could be considered as promising candidates for future optoelectronic devices. Furthermore, on-chip quantum optoelectronics can move to the next generation by using 2D materials in vdWHs. In this review, the vdWHs are introduced and their properties and applications in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been discussed. The vdWHs allow bandgap engineering, and hence, LEDs working in a range of the wavelengths can be realized. The applications of vdWHs in forming atomically thin components in optoelectronic devices and LEDs have been addressed.
Hrishikesh Mahapatra, Sumit Bedia, Aishwarya Ramasubramanian, Mridula Joshi, Mahesh Ghadage, Aarti Bedia,
Volume 20, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Abstract
Graphene Nanoparticles (GNPs), an upshot of nanotechnology have attracted great interest in diverse research fields including dentistry for their unique properties. Graphene Nanoparticles are cytocompatible and when combined with other compounds, they possess improved synergistic antimicrobial and anti-adherence properties against oral pathogens. The cytotoxicity of graphene in the oral setting has been reported to be very limited in the scientific literature. Current applications of graphene include reinforcing Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) for the fabrication of dentures, improving properties of dental luting agents like glass ionomer cement, reinforcing restorative composites and ceramics, and improving osseointegration of titanium dental implants by coating with graphene. This paper reviews the nanoparticle ‘Graphene’ and its potential uses in the field of restorative dentistry.
Ali Hosseinian Naeini, Seyed Ali Hosseini Moradi,
Volume 20, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
The growth of industries, populations, and industrial activities includes environmental pollutants. Pollution causes problems such as reduced light transmission, anaerobic conditions, and complications such as allergies and cancer for humans and other living organisms. The adsorption method is one of the most attractive, and efficient methods for removing environmental pollutants such as pharmaceuticals. Among the standard methods for wastewater treatment, adsorption is more efficient than other methods and is more economical. They have a meager price. Adsorption of pollutants can be an excellent way to remove toxic substances from polluted waters and industrial effluents. In this review, pharmaceutical removal by adsorption process was reviewed in details.
