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This paper proposes an effective algorithm based on the level set method (LSM) to solve shape and topology optimization problems. Since the conventional LSM has several limitations, a binary level set method (BLSM) is used instead. In the BLSM, the level set function can only take 1 and -1 values at convergence. Thus, it is related to phase-field methods. We don’t need to solve the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, so it is free of the CFL condition and the reinitialization scheme. This favorable properties lead to a great time advantage in this method. In this paper, the BLSM is implemented with the additive operator splitting (AOS) scheme and several numerical issues of the implementation are discussed. The proposed scheme is much more efficient than the conventional level set method. Several 2D examples are presented which demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.

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Although Genetic algorithm (GA), Ant colony (AC) and Particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) have already been extended to various types of engineering problems, the effects of initial sampling beside constraints in the efficiency of algorithms, is still an interesting field. In this paper we show that, initial sampling with a special series of constraints play an important role in the convergence and robustness of a metaheuristic algorithm. Random initial sampling, Latin Hypercube Design, Sobol sequence, Hammersley and Halton sequences are employed for approximating initial design. Comparative studies demonstrate that well distributed initial sampling speeds up the convergence to near optimal design and reduce the required computational cost of purely random sampling methodologies. In addition different penalty functions that define the Augmented Lagrangian methods considered in this paper to improve the algorithms. Some examples presented to show these applications.

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One primary problem in shape optimization of structures is making a robust link between design model (geometric description) and analysis model. This paper investigates the potential of Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) for solving this problem. The generic framework of shape optimization of structures is presented based on Isogeometric analysis. By discretization of domain via NURBS functions, the analysis model will precisely demonstrate the geometry of structure. In this study Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used for Isogeometric shape optimization. The option of selecting the position and weight of control points as design variables, needless to sensitivity analysis relationships, is the superiority of the proposed method over gradient-based methods. The other advantages of this method are its straightforward implementation

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In the present paper, an approach is proposed for structural topology optimization based on combination of Radial Basis Function (RBF) Level Set Method (LSM) with Isogeometric Analysis (IGA). The corresponding combined algorithm is detailed. First, in this approach, the discrete problem is formulated in Isogeometric Analysis framework. The objective function based on compliance of particular locations of materials in the structure is used and find the optimal distribution of material in the domain to minimize the compliance of the system under a volume constraint. The refinement is employed for construction of the physical mesh to be consistent with the mesh is used for level set function. Then a parameterized level set method with radial basis functions (RBFs) is used for structural topology optimization. Finally, several numerical examples are provided to confirm the validity of the method.

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NURBS-based isogeometric analysis (IGA) has currently been applied as a new numerical method in a considerable range of engineering problems. Due to non-interpolatory characteristic of NURBS basis functions, the properties of Kronecker Delta are not satisfied in IGA, and as a consequence, the imposition of essential boundary condition needs special treatment. The main contribution of this study is to use the well-known Lagrange multiplier method to impose essential boundary conditions for improving the accuracy of the isogeometric solution. Unlike the direct and transformation methods which are based on separation of control points, this method is capable of modeling incomplete Dirichlet boundaries. The solution accuracy and convergence rates of proposed method are compared with direct and transformation methods through various numerical examples.

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An efficient method for size and layout optimization of the truss structures is presented in this paper. In order to this, an efficient method by combining an improved discrete particle swarm optimization (IDPSO) and method of moving asymptotes (MMA) is proposed. In the hybrid of IDPSO and MMA, the nodal coordinates defining the layout of the structure are optimized with MMA, and afterwards the results of MMA are used in IDPSO to optimize the cross-section areas. The results show that the hybrid of IDPSO and MMA can effectively accelerate the convergence rate and can quickly reach the optimum design.

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An excavation damage zone (EDZ) can be defined as a rock zone where the rock properties and conditions have been changed due to the processes related to an excavation. This zone affects the behavior of rock mass surrounding the construction that reduces the stability and safety factor and increase probability of failure of the structure. This paper presents an approach to build a model for the identification and classification of the EDZ. The Support vector machine (SVM) is a new machine learning method based on statistical learning theory, which can solve the classification problem with small sampling, non-linearity and high dimension. However, the practicability of the SVM is influenced by the difficulty of selecting appropriate SVM parameters. In this study, the proposed hybrid Harmony search (HS) with the SVM was applied for identification and classification of damaged zone, in which HS was used to determine the optimized free parameters of the SVM. For identification and classification of the EDZ, based upon the modulus of the deformation modulus and using the hybrid of HS with the SVM a model for the identification and classification of the EDZ was built. To illustrate the capability of the HS-SVM model defined, field data from a test gallery of the Gotvand dam, Iran were used. The results obtained indicate that the HS-SVM model can be used successfully for identification and classification of damaged zone around underground spaces.

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The excavation damaged zone (EDZ) can be defined as a rock zone where the rock properties and conditions have been changed due to the processes related to an excavation. This zone affects the behavior of rock mass surrounding the construction that reduces the stability and safety factor and increase probability of failure of the structure. In this paper, a methodology was examined for computing the creation probability of damaged zone by Latin hypercube sampling based on a feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) optimized by hybrid particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm (HPSOGA). The HPSOGA was carried out to decide the initial weights of the neural network. A case study in a test gallery of the Gotvand dam, Iran was carried out and creation probabilities of 0.191 for highly damaged zone (HDZ) and 0.502 for EDZ were obtained.

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The development of an excavation damaged zone (EDZ) around an underground excavation can change the physical, mechanical and hydraulic behaviors of the rock mass near an underground space. This might result in endangering safety, achievement of costs and excavation planed. This paper presents an approach to build a prediction model for the assessment of EDZ, based upon rock mass characteristics changed. Rock engineering systems (RES) was used as an appropriate method for choosing the best parameter that expresses the occurrence of EDZ. Modulus of deformation with the highest weight in the system was selected as the most effective changed parameter. The adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with modulus of deformation as input was used to build a prediction model for the assessment of EDZ. Three ANFIS models were implemented, grid partitioning (GP), subtractive clustering method (SCM) and fuzzy c-means clustering method (FCM). A comparison was made between these three models and the results show the superiority of the ANFIS-SCM model. Furthermore, a case study in a test gallery of the Gotvand dam, Iran was carried out to illustrate the capability of the ANFIS model defined.

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This paper presents an efficient method for updating the structural finite element model. Model updating is performed through minimizing the difference of recorded acceleration of real damaged structure and hypothetical damaged structure, by updating physical parameters in each phase using iterative process of Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. This algorithm is based on sensitivity analysis and provides a linear solution for nonlinear damage detection problem. The presented method is capable of detecting the exact location and ratio of structural damage in the presence of noise or incomplete data.

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In this paper the piecewise level set method is combined with phase field method to solve the shape and topology optimization problem. First, the optimization problem is formed based on piecewise constant level set method then is updated using the energy term of phase field equations. The resulting diffusion equation which updates the level set function and optimization problem is solved through finite element method. The proposed method enhances the convergence rate and solution efficiency. Various two-dimensional examples are solved to verify the performance of proposed method.

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Optimization techniques can be efficiently utilized to achieve an optimal shape for arch dams. This optimal design can consider the conditions of the economy and safety simultaneously. The main aim is to present an applicable and practical model and suggest an algorithm for optimization of concrete arch dams to enhance their seismic performance. To achieve this purpose, a preliminary optimization is accomplished using PSO procedure in the first stage. Capabilities of Ansys Parametric Design Language (APDL) are applied for modeling the Dam-Foundation-Reservoir system. In the second stage with training the neural network, Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) and replacement of Ansys analyst, optimal results have been achieved with the lowest error and less number of iteration respectively. Then a real world double-arch dam is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of the PSO-GMDH. The numerical results reveal that the proposed method called PSO-GMDH provides faster rate and high searching accuracy to achieve the optimal shape of arch concrete dams and the modification and optimization of shape have a quite important role in increasing the safety against dynamic design loads.

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Due to the favorable performance of structural topology optimization to create a proper understanding in the early stages of design, this issue is taken into consideration from the standpoint of research or industrial application in recent decades. Over the last three decades, several methods have been proposed for topology optimization. One of the methods that has been effectively used in structural topology optimization is level set method. Since in the level set method, the boundary of design domain is displayed implicitly, this method can easily modify the shape and topology of structure. Topological design with multiple constraints is of great importance in practical engineering design problems. Most recent topology optimization methods have used only the volume constraint; so in this paper, in addition to current volume constraint, the level set method combines with other constraints such as displacement and frequency. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed level set approach, several examples are presented.

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In recent years, the optimization of truss structures has been considered due to their several applications and their simple structure and rapid analysis. DNA computing algorithm is a non-gradient-based method derived from numerical modeling of DNA-based computing performance by new computers with DNA memory known as molecular computers. DNA computing algorithm works based on collective intelligence. It works with doing random search in the search space and creating the initial random population by modeling DNA-based computing operators and applies the operators derived from genetic algorithm to achieve the optimum solution of the objective function. Generalized Convex Approximation (GCA) method is a gradient-based method that with approximation of the main function and starting from a point, finds the optimum solution using information about functions and their gradient. In this research, in order to minimize the weight of truss, the cross-section areas of the elements as discrete variables are optimized by DNA computing algorithm, and the coordinates of truss nodes as continuous variables are optimized by Generalized Convex Approximation (GCA) method. Therefore, to simultaneously optimize the size and geometry of truss structures, these two methods are used in combination. The results of numerical examples show the proper functioning of this process.

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The purpose of the present study is the damage detection in the thin plates in terms of the wide application of such structures in various branches of engineering such as structural, mechanical, aerospace, shipbuilding, etc. using gradient-based second-order numerical optimization techniques. The technique used for optimization in this study is the second-order Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (SOLMA). Using the acceleration response in a number of structural nodes under dynamic excitation, identification of the location and extent of damage in the plate elements are obtained by the proposed algorithm over an iterative cycle and by updating the sensitivity matrix. The damage has been assumed in the form of decreased modulus of elasticity in linear mode. A numerical problem has been solved and presented in order to verify and compare the proposed damage detection method with other methods. Also several numerical problems have been solved and its results have been presented in order to evaluate different scenarios such as one or more damages, small or large damage extent, absence or presence of noise with different levels, number of measured responses (number of sensors), position of measured points and the dynamic analysis time of the damage detection problem with the proposed method. The results show the appropriate accuracy, efficiency and performance of the proposed damage detection method.

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In this work, a new hybrid Symbiotic Organisms Search (SOS) algorithm introduced to design and optimize spatial and planar structures under structural constraints. The SOS algorithm is inspired by the interactive behavior between organisms to propagate in nature. But one of the disadvantages of the SOS algorithm is that due to its vast search space and a large number of organisms, it may trap in a local optimum. To fix this problem Harmony search (HS) algorithm, which has a high exploration and high exploitation, is applied as a complement to the SOS algorithm. The weight of the structures' elements is the objective function which minimized under displacement and stress constraints using finite element analysis. To prove the high capabilities of the new algorithm several spatial and planar benchmark truss structures, designed and optimized and the results have been compared with those of other researchers. The results show that the new algorithm has performed better in both exploitation and exploration than other meta-heuristic and mathematics methods.

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Presently, the introduction of intelligent models to optimize structural problems has become an important issue in civil engineering and almost all other fields of engineering. Optimization models in artificial intelligence have enabled us to provide powerful and practical solutions to structural optimization problems. In this study, a novel method for optimizing structures as well as solving structure-related problems is presented. The main purpose of this paper is to present an algorithm that addresses the major drawbacks of commonly-used algorithms including the Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm (GWO), the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA), and the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO), and at the same time benefits from a high convergence rate. Also, another advantage of the proposed CGPGC algorithm is its considerable flexibility to solve a variety of optimization problems. To this end, we were inspired by the GSA law of gravity, the GWO's top three search factors, the PSO algorithm in calculating speed, and the cellular machine theory in the realm of population segmentation. The use of cellular neighborhood reduces the likelihood of getting caught in the local optimal trap and increases the rate of convergence to the global optimal point. Achieving reasonable results in mathematical functions (CEC 2005) and spatial structures (with a large number of variables) in comparison with those from GWO, GSA, PSO, and some other common heuristic algorithms shows an enhancement in the performance of the introduced method compared to the other ones.
 

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In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in the development and deployment of control methods that use different components of the building to mitigate the seismic response of the structure. Meanwhile, the building facade, as a non-structural component, can be a suitable alternative in affecting the structure's behavior because of its role as an envelope of the building with a significant weight. Among the modular cladding systems, the Double Skin Facade (DSF) can be considered a passive system due to the distance of the exterior layer from the main structure and sufficient continuity and rigidity.  In this study, DSF systems are used as Peripheral Mass Dampers (PMDs) that control structural movements by dissipating energy during strong motions. The PMD system provides a building with several inherent dampers without the need for extra mass. To show the reliability and efficiency of the proposed approach, the PMD model is investigated and compared with results available in uncontrolled and Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) models. The PMD model is examined in three structural frames with 10, 20, and 30 stories with the extreme Mass Ratios (MRs) of 5% to 20%. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is performed on damper parameters of PMD and TMD systems to minimize structural responses. The results demonstrate that an optimal PMD system with multiple inherent mass dampers outperforms a single TMD system.
 

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Optimization has become increasingly significant and applicable in resolving numerous engineering challenges, particularly in the structural engineering field. As computer science has advanced, various population-based optimization algorithms have been developed to address these challenges. These methods are favored by most researchers because of the difficulty of calculations in classical optimization methods and achieving ideal solutions in a shorter time in metaheuristic technique methods. Recently, there has been a growing interest in optimizing truss structures. This interest stems from the widespread utilization of truss structures, which are known for their uncomplicated design and quick analysis process. In this paper, the weight of the truss, the cross-sectional area of the members as discrete variables, and the coordinates of the truss nodes as continuous variables are optimized using the HGPG algorithm, which is a combination of three metaheuristic algorithms, including the Gravity Search Algorithm (GSA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO). The presented formulation aims to improve the weaknesses of these methods while preserving their strengths. In this research, 15, 18, 25, and 47-member trusses were utilized to show the efficiency of the HGPG method, so the weight of these examples was optimized while their constraints such as stress limitations, displacement constraints, and Euler buckling were considered. The proposed HGPG algorithm operates in discrete and continuous modes to optimize the size and geometric configuration of truss structures, allowing for comprehensive structural optimization. The numerical results show the suitable performance of this process.