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This study is devoted to seismic collapse safety analysis of performance based optimally seismic designed steel chevron braced frame structures. An efficient meta-heuristic algorithm namely, center of mass optimization is utilized to achieve the seismic optimization process. The seismic collapse performance of the optimally designed steel chevron braced frames is assessed by performing incremental dynamic analysis and determining their adjusted collapse margin ratios. Two design examples of 5-, and 10-story chevron braced frames are illustrated. The numerical results demonstrate that all the performance-based optimal designs are of acceptable seismic collapse safety.

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As a novel strategy, Quantum-behaved particles use uncertainty law and a distinct formulation obtained from solving the time-independent Schrodinger differential equation in the delta-potential-well function to update the solution candidates’ positions. In this case, the local attractors as potential solutions between the best solution and the others are introduced to explore the solution space. Also,  the difference between the average and another solution is established as a new step size. In the present paper, the quantum teacher phase is introduced to improve the performance of the current version of the teacher phase of the Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization algorithm (TLBO) by using the formulation obtained from solving the time-independent Schrodinger equation predicting the probable positions of optimal solutions. The results show that QTLBO, an acronym for the Quantum Teaching- Learning- Based Optimization, improves the stability and robustness of the TLBO by defining the quantum teacher phase. The two circulant space trusses with multiple frequency constraints are chosen to verify the quality and performance of QTLBO. Comparing the results obtained from the proposed algorithm with those of the standard version of the TLBO algorithm and other literature methods shows that QTLBO increases the chance of finding a better solution besides improving the statistical criteria compared to the current TLBO.
 

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The lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) strength of cellular steel girders that were subjected to web distortion was rarely examined. Since no formulation has been presented for predicting the capacity of such beams, in the current paper an extensive numerical investigation containing 660 specimens was modeled using finite element analysis (FEA) to consider the ultimate lateral-distortional buckling (LDB) strength of such members. Then, a reliable algorithm based on the artificial neural networks (ANNs) was developed and the most accurate model was chosen to derive an efficient formula to evaluate the LDB capacity of steel cellular beams. The input and target data required in the ANN models were provided using the ANN analyzes. An attempt was made to include the proposed formula in all the variables affecting the LDB of cellular steel beams. In the next step, the validity of the proposed formula was proved by several statistical criteria, and also the most influential input variable was discussed. eventually, a comparison study was executed between the results provided by the ANN-based equation and the AS4100, EC3, and AISC codes. It was revealed that the presented equation is accurate enough and can be used by practical engineers.
 

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In this study, the finite element model updating was simulated by reducing the stiffness of the members. Due to lack of access to the experimental results, the data obtained from an analytical model were used in the proposed structural damage scenarios. The updating parameters for the studied structures were defined as a reduction coefficient applied to the stiffness of the members. Parameter variations were calculated by solving an unconstrained nonlinear optimization problem. The objective function in the optimization problem was proposed based on the Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) equations of motion as well as the dynamic characteristics of the studied structure. Only the first natural frequency of the damaged structure was used in the proposed updating process, and only one vibration mode was used in the updating problem and damage identification procedure. In addition, as elimination of high-order terms in the proposed formula introduced errors in the final response, the variations of natural frequency and vibration mode for higher-order terms were included in the free vibration equation of the proposed objective function. The Colliding Bodies Optimization (CBO) algorithm was used to solve the optimization problem. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using the numerical examples, where different conditions were applied to the studied structures. The results of the present study showed that, the proposed method and formulation were capable of efficiently updating the dynamic parameters of the structure as well as identifying the location and severity of the damage using only the first natural frequency of the structure.
 

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A dual structural fused system consists of replaceable ductile elements (fuses) that sustain major seismic damage and leave the primary structure (PS) virtually undamaged. The seismic performance of a fused structural system is determined by the combined behavior of the individual PS and fuse components. In order to design a feasible and economic structural fuse concept, we need a procedure to choose the most efficient combination of the PS and fuse systems subject to the stringent constraints of seismic performance and minimum structural cost objectives, simultaneously. In this paper, an efficient method is developed for minimum cost design of dual fused building structures using a performance-based seismic design procedure. The method involves updating a set of reference parameters to find the most suitable combination of PS and fuse structures with satisfactory seismic performance and optimum total structural cost, concurrently. For a set of preselected reference parameters, the structural design variables including primary and fuse structural member sizes are determined through individual linear elastic design processes. Therefore, a limited number of inelastic analyses are required to evaluate seismic response of the combined fused system. The proposed method is applied to seismic design optimization of a moment resisting frame equipped with BRBs as structural fuses. The obtained results indicate that proposed design optimization procedure is sufficiently robust and reliable to design cost-effective structural fuse systems with satisfactory seismic performance.
 

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Explosions are inevitable in today’s world; therefore, building structures may be dynamically loaded by an intense loading during the explosion. This is why regulatory bodies have provided instructions for determining the response of structures under the explosion load. Previous research has shown that when the explosion happens close to a structure, the ground explosion load can be modeled as tensile and compressive loads. This research investigates the response of an elastic-plastic single-degree-of-freedom system subjected to different explosive loads with different positive durations. The maximum intensity of blast load and blast duration remains constant, and the positive phase duration is the only variable that changes. The nonlinear dynamic responses of a single-degree-of-freedom system (i.e., displacement, velocity, acceleration, and ductility) are calculated using the linear acceleration method. The results show that increasing the positive phase duration and the amount of positive impact can increase the maximum displacement and ductility of the system. Also, it can be concluded that the maximum acceleration of the studied systems remains constant when the values for the blast impact and positive phase durations change.
 

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Design optimization of cable-stayed bridges is a challenging optimization problem because a large number of variables is usually involved in the optimization process. For these structures the design variables are cross-sectional areas of the cables. In this study, an efficient metaheuristic algorithm namely, momentum search algorithm (MSA) is used to optimize the design of cable-stayed bridges. The MSA is inspired by the Physics and its superiority over many metaheuristics has been demonstrated in tackling several standard benchmark test functions. In the current work, the performance of MSA is compared with that of two other metaheuristics and it is shown that the MSA is an efficient algorithm to tackle the optimization problem of cable-stayed bridges.
 

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The main aim of this study, is to evaluate the seismic reliability of steel concentrically braced frame (SCBF) structures optimally designed in the context of performance-based design. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method and neural network (NN) techniques were utilized to conduct the reliability analysis of the optimally designed SCBFs. Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) trained by back propagation technique was used to evaluate the required structural responses and then the total exceedence probability associated with the seismic performance levels was estimated by the MCS method. Three numerical examples of 5-, 10-, and 15-story SCBFs with fixed and optimal topology of braces are presented and their probability of failure was evaluated considering the resistance characteristics and the seismic loading of the structures. The numerical results indicate that the SCBFs with optimal topology of braces were more reliable than those with fixed topology of braces.  
 

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The purpose of the current study is to design steel moment resisting frames for optimal weight in the context of performance-based design. The performance-based design optimization of steel moment frames is a highly nonlinear and complex optimization problem having many local optima. Therefore, an efficient algorithm should be used to deal with this class of structural optimization problems. In the present study, a modified Newton metaheuristic algorithm (MNMA) is proposed for the solution of the optimization problem. In fact, MNMA is the improved version of the original Newton metaheuristic algorithm (NMA), which is a multi-stage optimization technique in which an initial population is generated at each stage based on the results of the previous stages. Two illustrative examples of 5-, and 10-story steel moment frames are presented and a number of independent optimization runs are achieved by NMA and MNMA. The numerical results demonstrate the better performance of the proposed MNMA compared to the NMA in solving the performance-based optimization problem of steel moment frames.
 

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An efficient method is proposed by using time domain responses and topology optimization to identify the location and severity of damages in two-dimensional structures under plane stress assumption. Damage is assumed in the form of material density reduction in the finite element model of the structure. The time domain responses utilized here, are the nodal accelerations measured at certain points of the structure. The responses are obtained by the Newmark method and contaminated with uniformly random noise in order to simulate real conditions. Damage indicators are extracted from the time domain responses by using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The problem of damage detection is presented as a topology optimization problem and the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) method is used for appropriate damage modeling. The objective function is formed based on the difference of singular values of the Hankel matrix for responses of real structure and the analytical model. In order to evaluate the correctness of the proposed method, some numerical examples are examined. The results indicate efficiency of the proposed method in structural damage detection and its parameters such as resampling length in SVD, penalty factor in the SIMP method and number and location of sensors are effective parameters for improving the results.

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The main objective of this study is to optimize reinforced concrete (RC) frames in the framework of performance-based design using metaheuristics. Three improved and efficient metaheuristics are employed in this work, namely, improved multi-verse (IMV), improved black hole (IBH) and modified newton metaheuristic algorithm (MNMA). These metaheuristic algorithms are applied for performance-based design optimization of 6- and 12-story planar RC frames. The seismic response of the structures is evaluated using pushover analysis during the optimization process. The obtained results show that the IBH outperforms the other algorithms.
 

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This paper deals with the optimum design of the mixed structures that consists of two parts, a lower part made of concrete and an upper part made of steel. Current codes and available commercial software packages do not provide analytical solutions for such structural systems, especially if a decoupled analysis is performed where the lower part is excited by ground motion and its response of total accelerations is used for the upper part. Due to irregular damping ratios, mass and stiffness, dynamic response of each part of a mixed structure differs significantly. The present paper aims at comparing of the optimum design of these structures under the coupled and decoupled models. Toward that goal, the coupled and decoupled time history analyses are performed and the optimum design of the two methods are compared. The results of the two approach show that the cost of the decoupled analysis is higher than the cost of the coupled analysis and the design of the decoupled method may be uneconomical, because the interaction between the two upper and lower parts is neglected.
 

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Improving the quality of open spaces and human comfort is necessary for more human-inaccessible spaces. Therefore, bus stations as open spaces for traveling thousands of people continuously are considered essential in absorbing sun rays and providing comfort. This paper investigates the performance of BRT stations in Tehran province in the summer, considering the highest shading. The second stage proposes a new graphic cable-stayed roof to compare the sun's path and shade. Ten stations of Moein-Tajrish terminals with South-North orientation were selected in this regard. Then, all the station details were calculated and analyzed in the Grasshopper Modeling Software. And the shadow and sunlight were evaluated and analyzed during the summer months between 12 am to 2 pm at noon. In order to evaluate the compatibility of the selected samples, three variables, including orientation, the height of the awning, and the slope of the awning, were considered orientation of 5, the height of 1, and the gradient of 19 introduced as the most optimal model. Also, studies and analyses were carried out in Honey Bee & Ladybug plugins, including Qualitative Analysis, Hourly Quantitative Analysis, and Energy Quantitative Analysis. The results showed that the selected case sample is more than 55% in the desired shading. The second stage proposes a new graphic cable-stayed roof to compare the sun's path and shade for the structure.
 

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In this paper an enhanced ant colony optimization algorithm with a direct constraints handling strategy is proposed for the optimization of reinforced concrete frames. The construction cost of reinforced concrete frames is considered as the objective function, which should be minimized subject to geometrical and behavioral strength constraints. For this purpose, a new probabilistic function is added to the ant colony optimization algorithm to directly satisfy the geometrical constraints. Furthermore, the position of an ant in each iteration is updated if a better solution is found in terms of objective value and behavioral strength constraints satisfaction. Five benchmark design examples of planar reinforced concrete frames are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.  
 

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The primary objective of this paper is to propose a novel technique for hybridizing various metaheuristic algorithms to optimize the size of discrete structures. To accomplish this goal, two well-known metaheuristic algorithms, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and enhanced colliding bodies optimization (ECBO) are hybridized to propose a new algorithm called hybrid PSO-ECBO (HPE) algorithm. The performance of the new HPE algorithm is investigated in solving the challenging structural optimization problems of discrete steel trusses and an improvement in results has been achieved. The numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed HPE algorithm over the original versions of PSO, ECBO, and some other algorithms in the literature.
 

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The main objective of this paper is to optimize the size and layout of planar truss structures simultaneously. To deal with this challenging type of truss optimization problem, the center of mass optimization (CMO) metaheuristic algorithm is utilized, and an extensive parametric study is conducted to find the best setting of internal parameters of the algorithm. The CMO metaheuristic is based on the physical concept of the center of mass in space. The effectiveness of the CMO metaheuristic is demonstrated through the presentation of three benchmark truss layout optimization problems. The numerical results indicate that the CMO is competitive with other metaheuristics and, in some cases, outperforms them.
 

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The main objective of this study is to predict the maximum inter-story drift ratios of steel moment-resisting frame (MRF) structures at different seismic performance levels using feed-forward back-propagation (FFBP) neural network models. FFBP neural network models with varying numbers of hidden layer neurons (5, 10, 15, 20, and 50) were trained to predict the maximum inter-story drift ratios of 5- and 10-story steel MRF structures. The numerical simulations indicate that FFBP neural network models with ten hidden layer neurons better predict the inter-story drift ratios at seismic performance levels for both 5- and 10-story steel MRFs compared to other neural network models.

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Tower cranes are essential for both vertical and horizontal movement of materials in construction and port operations. Optimizing their placement is crucial for reducing costs and enhancing overall efficiency. This study addresses the optimization of tower crane placement using the recently developed Mouth Brooding Fish (MBF) algorithm. The MBF algorithm is inspired by the life cycle of mouth-brooding fish, employing their behavioral patterns and the survival challenges of their offspring to find optimal solutions. The performance of the MBF algorithm is compared with the Genetic Algorithm (GA), Colliding Bodies Optimization (CBO), and Enhanced Colliding Bodies Optimization (ECBO). The results demonstrate that the MBF algorithm is effective and has potential advantages in tackling complex optimization problems.

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In recent years, semi-active control has been introduced as a promising method for the seismic control of structures, potentially combining the benefits of both passive and active control systems. Magneto-rheological damper (MR) is one of the semi-active devices and its dynamic model is expressed by the Bouc-Wen model. The sliding sector control (SSC) strategy as a robust control approach is a class of variable structure (VS) systems for linear and nonlinear continuous-time systems with a special type of sliding sector using a new equivalent sector control. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the SSC strategy in determining the optimal voltage of MR at each step of time. For a numerical example, a three-story benchmark shear structure is considered subjected to normal (100%), high (150%), and low (50%) excitation levels of the El Centro earthquake. The results of the numerical simulations show that the semi-active control system consisting of the SSC strategy and an MR damper can be beneficial in reducing the seismic responses of structures. Furthermore, the efficiency of the SSC strategy is also compared against that of the fuzzy and clipped-optimal controllers. Comparative results of the numerical simulation confirm the robustness and ability of the SSC strategy.